What is most powerful hormonal regular of blood pressure?

Hormonal mechanism for regulation of blood pressure:

Many hormones are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Hormones which increase or decrease arterial blood pressure are given below.

Hormones which increase blood pressure:

Adrenaline: adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla. It is also released by sympathetic post ganglionic nerve endings. Adrenaline regulate the blood pressure by acting through heart and blood vessels. It increases systolic pressure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart and cardiac output. It decreases diastolic pressure by reducing the total peripheral resistance.

Adrenaline causes constriction of blood vessels through alpha receptors. It also causes dilation of blood vessels through Beta 2 receptors in some areas of body like skeletal muscles liver and heart. So the total peripheral resistance is reduced leading to decrease in diastolic pressure.

Noradrenaline: nor adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla. It is also see created by sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings full stop nor adrenaline increases diastolic pressure due to its general vasoconstrictor effect. It has stronger effects on blood vessels then on the heart. It causes constriction of all blood vessels throughout the body via alpha receptors. So it is called general vasoconstrictor. The action of nor adrenaline is to increase the total peripheral resistance and diastolic pressure.

It also increase the systole pressure slightly by increasing the force of contraction of heart.

Thyroxine:

Thyroxine secreted from thyroid gland increases stalling pressure but decreases the diastolic pressure. It increases the systolic pressure by increasing cardiac output. The cardiac output is increased because of increase in the blood volume and force of contraction of the heart.

Thyroxine has indirect action on diastolic pressure. Large quantities of metabolites are produced during increased metabolic activity induced by thyroxine. These metabolites cause vasodilation leading to decrease in peripheral resistance. It causes decrease in diastolic pressure.

Generally mean arterial pressure is not altered by the activity of thyroxine. Systolic pressure is increased and the diastolic pressure is decreased. So only the pulse pressure increases.

Aldosterone: aldosterone is created from adrenal cortex. It causes retention of sodium and water and thereby increase the ECf fluid volume and blood volume leading to increase in blood pressure. Thusan increase in the secretion of aldosterone increase the blood pressure by increasing the blood volume.

Vasopressin: vasopressin or ADH which is secreted by posterior pituitary has a potent action on the blood vessels particularly the arteries. It causes construction of the arteries in all parts of the body. Due to the vasoconstriction, the blood pressure is increased full stop however the amount of this hormone required to cause the vasopressor effect is very much higher than the amount required to cause the antidiuretic effect.

Angiotensin: Angiotensin 2,3 and 4 which are obtained from angiotensinogen cause constriction of systemic arterioles and elevate blood pressure.
Serotonin: serotonin is otherwise known as 5-hydroxytryptamine.Serotonin is secreted from many source.

Hormones which decrease blood pressure:

Following hormones decrease the arterial blood pressure by causing vasodilation:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is secreted in stomach and small intestine. A small amount of this hormone is also secreted in large intestine. VIP is also a vasodilator and cause dilation of peripheral blood vessels and decrease in blood pressure.

Bradykinin: bradykinin is produced in blood during the condition like inflammation. During such condition the enzyme in the blood called kallikrein is activated. It also act on alpha 2 globulin to form kallidin which is converted into bradykinin.

Prostaglandins: is a vasodilator substance. It is secreted from almost all tissue of the body. It decreases blood pressure.

Histamine : histamine is created in nerve endings of hypo thalamus limbic cortex and other parts of cerebral cortex. Histamine is also released from tissue during allergic conditions inflammation or damage. Histamine causes vasodilation and decrease the blood pressure.

Acetylcholine: is cholinergic neurotransmitter released from many sources. Acetylcholine causes vasodilation and decrease the blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide: is a hormone secreted by the atrial musculature of heart. It causes dilation of blood vessels and decrease the blood pressure.

Brain natriuretic peptide: is a hormone secreted by the atrial musculature of heart. This hormone also causes dilation of blood vessels and decreases the blood pressure.

C- type natriuretic peptide: c-type natriuretic peptide is secreted by several tissues including myocardium and vascular endothelium. It decreases blood pressure by vasodilation.

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