What is difference between food allergy and sensivity?

The human body is a complex system, and the way it reacts to different substances can vary significantly among individuals. Food, being a primary source of nourishment, can sometimes cause unexpected and adverse reactions. Two of the terms that are frequently used to describe these negative reactions are "food allergy" and "food sensitivity". While they might seem synonymous at first, they are distinctly different in many ways. This article aims to elucidate these differences in terms of their definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches.

1. Definitions:

Food Allergy:

A food allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to a specific food protein. When the food protein is ingested, the immune system thinks it's harmful and releases substances, including histamines, which results in allergic symptoms.

Food Sensitivity:

Also sometimes referred to as food intolerance, this is a digestive system response rather than an immune system response. It occurs when an individual has difficulty digesting a certain food.

2. Causes:

Food Allergy:

The exact cause of food allergies isn't entirely understood. However, certain foods are known to trigger allergic reactions more than others. Common allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, shellfish, fish, soy, and wheat.

Food Sensitivity:

Sensitivities might arise because of the absence of specific enzymes needed to digest a food substance, such as lactose intolerance, or due to a reaction to certain chemicals in foods like caffeine or artificial additives.

3. Symptoms:

Food Allergy:

The symptoms can range from mild to severe, including:

• Hives or a red, itchy skin rash
• Nasal congestion or a runny nose
• Nausea, stomach pain, or vomiting
• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention

Food Sensitivity
The symptoms are usually less severe and primarily digestive in nature:

• Gas, bloating, or cramps
• Heartburn
• Headaches
• Irritability or nervousness

4. Diagnostic Methods:

Food Allergy:

Doctors can use various tests to diagnose food allergies:

• Skin prick test
• Blood test (to measure the amount of allergy-causing antibodies)
• Oral food challenge or elimination diets

Food Sensitivity:

Diagnosing food sensitivities is more challenging as there's no reliable standardized test. Mostly:

• Elimination diets followed by controlled food challenges are used
• Hydrogen breath tests (for issues like lactose intolerance)

5. Treatment Approaches:

Food Allergy:

• Avoidance of the allergen is the primary approach.
• Over-the-counter or prescribed antihistamines to reduce symptoms.
• In severe cases, epinephrine (e.g., an EpiPen) is crucial for treating anaphylaxis.

Food Sensitivity:

• Mainly involves avoiding or limiting the problematic food.
• Digestive aids or enzymes can help in some cases. For instance, lactase supplements for lactose intolerance.

6. Prevalence and Duration:

Food Allergy:

• More common in children, but adults can develop them too. Some children outgrow their food allergies, while some adults develop them later in life.
• Can be life-long in many cases.

Food Sensitivity:

• Can occur at any age and might be temporary or permanent. For instance, some sensitivities can develop after a gastrointestinal disease and might resolve after the condition is treated.

7. Complications;

Food Allergy;

• Can lead to severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis which is life-threatening.

Food Sensitivity:

• While not life-threatening, chronic exposure to trigger foods can lead to persistent discomfort and a reduced quality of life.

Conclusion:

Understanding the difference between a food allergy and a food sensitivity is essential for determining the appropriate diagnostic and treatment approach. While allergies involve the immune system and can be life-threatening, sensitivities are more related to the digestive system and, although uncomfortable, are not typically dangerous. It's crucial for individuals to consult with healthcare professionals if they suspect they have either condition. Proper management can significantly improve one's quality of life.

• What are the symptoms of a food allergy?
• How are food sensitivities diagnosed?
• Can food allergies be life-threatening?
• Are food sensitivities permanent?
• Which foods commonly trigger allergies?

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