Identifying diseases by conducting public survey

The practice of medicine after a considered to be both science and art become identifying the underlying causes of diseases and establishing a diagnosis request that help care 💅 practitioner use a combination of scientific method, intution and interpersonal (communication and human relation) skills.

1. Diagnosis relies on:
2. The powers of observation 
3. Listening and communication skills 
4. Analytical ability 
5. Knowledge of human anatomy (structure and parts of human body) and physiology (the function and life processes of body system).
6. An understanding of natural course of illness. Diagnosis requires a diagnosis approach to problem solving involving analysis and synthesis. In other words healthcare practitioners must systematically breakdown the information they obtained from a
7. Patience medical history 
8. Physical examination 
9. Laboratory test results

And then resemble it into a pattern that fit a well defined syndrome (a group of symptoms that collectively describe a disease). 

Medical history: 

Obtaining a complete and accurate medical history in the first step in the diagnostic process. Infact many health care practitioners (physician nurses and medical professional) believe that the patients medical history is a key to diagnosis and that the physical examination and results of any diagnostic testing (laboratory analysis of blood or urine accessories and other in imaging studies) simply serve to confirm the diagnosis made on the basis of the medical history.

The medical history is developed using data collected during the health care professional interview with the patient. The medical history also may include data from a healthy history form or health questionnaires completed by the patient before the visit with the practitioner. The objectives of taking a medical history are as follows: 

1. Obtain develop, document (in writing) a clear, accurate, chronological amount of the individual's medical history (including a family history, employment history, social history and other relevant information) and current medical problems.
2.  List describe and assign priority to each symptoms, complained and problem presented. Observe the patients emotional state as reflected invoice poster and demeanor.

Establish and enhance communication trust understanding and comfort in the physician patient or nurse patient relationship.

In addition to eliciting a history of all the patient's previous medical problems and illnesses the health care professional ask question to learn about history of a present illness or complaint how and when it began, the nature of symptom, aggravating and relieving factors it affects on function and any self care measure the patient has taken.

Medical history also included a review of physiological system such as CVD's (related to heat and circulation), Gastrointestinal (digestive disorder), Neurological(brain and nerve disorder) Psychiatrist (mental and emotional health) systems through which the patient may experience symptoms of diseases. The review of symptoms helps the practitioners obtain information to help access severity of problem and confirm diagnosis.

Physical examination: 

The Natural Institutes of health's defines physical examination as "the process of patient's body to determine the present or absence of physical problem". It include inspection (looking), palpation (feeling), ausculation (listening) and percussion (tapping to produce sound).

Vital signs:

It includes temperature respiration pulse and blood pressure. 

Temperature: is measured by thermometer. Normal oral temperature (measured by mouth) is 98.6⁰ Fahrenheit or 37⁰ degree celsius. Temperature also may be measured rectally, under the arm or aurally with an electronic thermometer placed in the air.

Respiration: is measured by observing the patient rate of breathing. In addition to determining the rate of respiration (normal 4 and adult age 12 to 20 breaths per minute), the practitioners also note any difficulty in breathing.

Pulse rate and rhythm: are assessed by compressing the resting patients radial artery at the wrist. The normal resting pulse rate is between 60 and 100 per minute.

Diagnostic testing:

Once the history and physical examination has been completed, the health care practitioners is often relatively certain about the cause of illness and the diagnosis. However, occasion occur when the history and physical examination point to more than one possible diagnosis. In such instances, the practitioners develops a "different diagnosis" a list of several likely diagnosis. The practitioner then may order scientific diagnostic test to narrow the list of possibilities. The result of these test are evaluated in the contest of the patient's history and physical examination.

Laboratory tests:

The growing numbers and availability of laboratory test has encouraged physician and at her health care practitioner to become increasingly reliant on them a diagnostic test. Laboratory test are easy, convenient screening my ear because become multiple test may be performed on a single sample of blood and abnormal test results can a provide available clues for diagnosis.

Full screening purposes (to detect disease at its earliest stage, before at produce symptoms), the healthcare practitioner order variety of blood test including: 

Fasting blood sugar: 

Diagnostic test for diabetes, values consistently greater than 126 mg/dl indicate diabetes.

Calcium:

Blood level of calcium can be elevated as the result of hyperactive parathyroid gland.

Lipid:

Elevated cholesterol triglycerides and low density lipoprotein are associated with increased risk of the art disease.

Thyroid stimulating hormone:

High level of TSH indicate hypothyroidism (under activity of thyroid gland) and abnormally low level indicate hyperthyroidism (overly activity thyroid gland).

Very low density lipoprotein VLDL or rapid plasma region RPR: 

These tests screen for syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. 

HIV:

It is important to screen presence of virus that cause AIDS.

PSA(prostate specific antigen):

This blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer. 

Stool occult blood or fecal occult blood test: 

This test is for the presence of blood, which can be indicator of colon cancer.   

Common vitamins and minerals result ranges

Iron:

There are several tests to check your iron levels. The ideal range for each test are:

Serum ferritin _ 13-15ng/l for women and 30-400ng/l for men.

Haemoglobin _ 120-160ng/l for women and 130-170ng/l for men. 

Transferrin saturation _ 20-55%for both women and men (the % of transferrin in your blood that's free to carry iron).

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)_ 45-75 micro mol/L for men and women.

Unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC)_ 24.2-70.1 micro mol/l for women and 22.3-61.7 micro mol/l for men.

Vitamin D:

A 25- hydroxy Vitamin -D test is the best way to measure your vitamin D reference ranges: 

1. Between 50-175 micro mol/l is normal.
2. Between 75-100 micro mol/I is optimal. 

Vitamin B12: 

An active B-12 test is the best way to measure your levels this may at the amount of vitamin B12 that's available for your body to use. You can also do a total B12. Vitamin B12 reference ranges: 

1. Active B12 _ between 37.5-188pmol/l is normal.
2. Total B12 _ between 300-569pmol/l is normal.

Folate(Vitamin B9):

1. Between 8.83-60.8nmol/l is normal.