Identifying diseases by conducting public survey

Disease Surveillance System/  Identify disease outbreaks/  Identifying health problems for Surveillance.

Harnessing Public Surveys for Disease Identification: A New Approach to Health Monitoring.

Identifying diseases by conducting a public survey

The practice of medicine after a considered to be both science and art becomes identifying the underlying causes of diseases and establishing a diagnosis request that helps care 💅 Practitioners use a combination of scientific method, intuition, and interpersonal (communication and human relation) skills.

1. Diagnosis relies on:
2. The powers of observation 
3. Listening and communication skills 
4. Analytical ability 
5. Knowledge of human anatomy (structure and parts of the human body) and physiology (the function and life processes of the body system).
6. An understanding of the natural course of illness. Diagnosis requires a diagnosis approach to problem-solving involving analysis and synthesis. In other words, healthcare practitioners must systematically break the information they obtained from a
7. Patience medical history 
8. Physical examination 
9. Laboratory test results

And then resemble it into a pattern that fits a well-defined syndrome (a group of symptoms that collectively describe a disease). 

Medical history: 

Obtaining a complete and accurate medical history is the first step in the diagnostic process. In fact, many health care practitioners (physician nurses and medical professionals) believe that the patient's medical history is a key to diagnosis and that the physical examination and results of any diagnostic testing (laboratory analysis of blood or urine accessories and other in imaging studies) simply serve to confirm the diagnosis made based on the medical history.

The medical history is developed using data collected during the healthcare professional interview with the patient. The medical history also may include data from a health history form or health questionnaires completed by the patient before the visit with the practitioner. The objectives of taking a medical history are as follows: 

1. Obtain develop, and document (in writing) a clear, accurate, chronological amount of the individual's medical history (including family history, employment history, social history, and other relevant information) and current medical problems.
2.  List describe and assign priority to each symptom, complaint, and problem presented. Observe the patient's emotional state as reflected invoice poster and demeanor.

Establish and enhance communication trust understanding and comfort in the physician-patient or nurse-patient relationship.

In addition to eliciting a history of all the patient's previous medical problems and illnesses the health care professional asks questions to learn about the history of a present illness or complaint how and when it began, the nature of symptoms, aggravating and relieving factors it affects on function and any self-care measure the patient has taken.

Medical history also includes a review of physiological systems such as CVDs (related to heat and circulation), Gastrointestinal (digestive disorders), Neurological(brain and nerve disorders), and Psychiatrist (mental and emotional health) systems through which the patient may experience symptoms of diseases. The review of symptoms helps the practitioners obtain information to help assess the severity of the problem and confirm the diagnosis.

Physical examination: 

The Natural Institutes of Health defines physical examination as "the process of the patient's body to determine the present or absence of physical problem." It includes inspection (looking), palpation (feeling), auscultation (listening), and percussion (tapping to produce sound).

Vital signs:

It includes temperature respiration pulse and blood pressure. 

Temperature: is measured by thermometer. Normal oral temperature (measured by mouth) is 98.6⁰ Fahrenheit or 37⁰ degrees Celsius. Temperature also may be measured rectally, under the arm, or aurally with an electronic thermometer placed in the air.

Respiration: is measured by observing the patient's rate of breathing. In addition to determining the rate of respiration (normal 4 and adult age 12 to 20 breaths per minute), the practitioners also note any difficulty in breathing.

Pulse rate and rhythm: are assessed by compressing the resting patient's radial artery at the wrist. The normal resting pulse rate is between 60 and 100 per minute.

Diagnostic testing:

Once the history and physical examination have been completed, the health care practitioner is often relatively certain about the cause of illness and the diagnosis. However, occasion occur when the history and physical examination point to more than one possible diagnosis. In such instances, the practitioners develop a "different diagnosis" a list of several likely diagnoses. The practitioner then may order scientific diagnostic tests to narrow the list of possibilities. The results of these tests are evaluated in the context of the patient's history and physical examination.

Laboratory tests:

The growing numbers and availability of laboratory tests have encouraged physicians and healthcare practitioners to become increasingly reliant on diagnostic tests. Laboratory tests are easy, and convenient when screening my ear because multiple tests may be performed on a single sample of blood and abnormal test results can provide available clues for diagnosis.

For full screening purposes (to detect disease at its earliest stage, before it produces symptoms), the healthcare practitioner orders a variety of blood tests including: 

Fasting blood sugar: 

In diagnostic tests for diabetes, values consistently greater than 126 mg/dl indicate diabetes.

Calcium:

The blood level of calcium can be elevated as a result of the hyperactive parathyroid gland.

Lipid:

Elevated cholesterol triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein are associated with increased risk of the art disease.

Thyroid stimulating hormone:

A high level of TSH indicates hypothyroidism (underactivity of the thyroid gland) and an abnormally low level indicates hyperthyroidism (overly active thyroid gland).

Very low-density lipoprotein VLDL or rapid plasma region RPR: 

These tests screen for syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. 

HIV:

It is important to screen the presence of viruses that cause AIDS.

PSA(prostate-specific antigen):

This blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer. 

Stool occult blood or fecal occult blood test: 

This test is for the presence of blood, which can be an indicator of colon cancer.   

Common vitamins and minerals result in ranges

Iron:

There are several tests to check your iron levels. The ideal range for each test is:

Serum ferritin _ 13-15ng/l for women and 30-400ng/l for men.

Haemoglobin _ 120-160ng/l for women and 130-170ng/l for men. 

Transferrin saturation _ is 20-55% for both women and men (the % of transferrin in your blood that's free to carry iron).

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)_ 45-75 micro mol/L for men and women.

Unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC)_ 24.2-70.1 micro mol/l for women and 22.3-61.7 micro mol/l for men.

Vitamin D:

A 25- 25hydroxy Vitamin -D test is the best way to measure your vitamin D reference ranges: 

1. Between 50-175 micro mol/l is normal.
2. Between 75-100 micromol/I is optimal. 

Vitamin B12: 

An active B-12 test is the best way to measure your levels this may be at the amount of vitamin B12 that's available for your body to use. You can also do a total B12. Vitamin B12 reference ranges: 

1. Active B12 _ between 37.5-188pmol/l is normal.
2. Total B12 _ between 300-569pmol/l is normal.

Folate(Vitamin B9):

1. Between 8.83-60.8nmol/l is normal.

1. Have you experienced any symptoms of chronic fatigue, pain, or digestive issues in the past month?
2. How often do you visit a healthcare provider for preventive health check-ups?
3. Do you or any family members have a history of hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease?
4. Have you noticed any recent changes in your weight, appetite, or sleep patterns?
5. Are there any common illnesses or health concerns within your community that you’re aware of?

Which diseases are caused due to lack of vitamin A?

Discuss the diseases related to lack of vitamin D?

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